В статье рассматривается психология
с биологической точки зрения
The study of physiology no doubt was of major importance in the
development of psychology as a science separate from the others. Today, this
perspective is mainly known as biological psychology. It is sometimes referred
to as biopsychology or physiological psychology. This perspective emphasizes
biological and physical bases of behavior.
This perspective observed a significant growth over the last few
decades, especially in the light of our advances in the ability to explore and
understand the human brain and nervous system. Various tools such as MRI scans
and PET scans help the researchers to look at the brain. Scientists can now consider
and evaluate the effects of brain damage, drugs, and disease in ways that were next
to impossible in the past.
В статье приводятся аргументы
за и против признания психологии наукой
Psychology is often defined as the "science of
behavior and experience” (Cardwell and Flanagan 260). However the claim that
psychology is a science can still be disputed. Some people claim that psychology
does not "bear scientific fruit. Each field based in science has to be able to
show results, both as public validation of its theories and methods and as a
form of internal evidence” (Lutus) Psychology is based on empirical approach.
It claims that our senses are the source of knowledge, as opposed to rationalism
("Is Psychology a Science?”).
Facial expression implies the revelations about
the features and characteristics of a person who has this expression. A
person’s facial expression tells about something internal in the expresser’s
character or thoughts. Speaking about facial expression in the context of асу communication and non-verbal
communication it is suffice to mention that facial expression usually implies a
change of a visual pattern. The same way as the static painting can express
someone’s mood or capture a definite sentiment, a person’s face can also
express relatively static features and characteristics. Sometimes, this is
called physiognomy. Thus, the concept of facial expression includes the
following components:
·some
features and characteristics of a person who is represented or, in other words,
signified;
·a
visual configuration that is the representation of this feature or
characteristic, in other words, it is the signifier;
·the
sigh vehicle, in other words, the physical basis of the given appearance, such
as muscle movements, skin movements, wrinkles, fat, blemishes, lines;
·some
other person, who is a perceiver and usually interprets all the signs.
Статья
посвящена историческому развитию науки психопатологии
Abnormal
psychology is an integral part of psychology. It studies abnormal behavior,
makes attempts to understand the abnormal and then take appropriate measures in
order to change it. The concept of abnormal behavior changed in the course of
time from individual to individual, from culture to culture. Today the meaning
of "abnormal” is connected with mental disorders. Abnormal psychology is aimed
to help people who cannot adapt in the society and function normally among
other people. This may occur due to genetics, physical conditioning, social
interactions, reasoning and learning (Scum doctor.com). During the whole period
of human development people tried to understand the reasons of what was
perceived as abnormal behavior and therefore to change it. Three were three
main reasons of abnormality: biological, supernatural and psychological.
Статья
посвящена проблеме развода, его причинам и последствиям
When two
people marry each other they usually do not think about such end of their
family as divorce. Unfortunately, a lot of couples decide not to live together
and therefore break their marriage off. Divorce is a phenomenon opposite to
marriage. Divorce is "the legal breakup of marriage” (Divorce). Divorce is a
very stressful situation, because it is a rather major life change. Thus, all
members of the family usually suffer and it appears to be very difficult to
cope with the situation. Divorce usually affects finances, household jobs,
living arrangements, schedules and many other spheres of human life. The
situation becomes more complicated if there are children in the family. They
may be affected really deep and it is usually they who suffer from their parents’
divorce more than the others.
В статье рассказывается о влиянии развода родителей на психику ребёнка
It is
difficult to imagine a situation more terrible for a child than his or her
parents’ divorce. No matter how strongly can the parents control their
behavior, words, emotions, and the whole situation in general, a child suffers
in any case. The more troubles accompany the procedure of divorce, the more
psychological troubles it may cause. "Divorce is an intensely stressful
experience for all children, regardless of age or developmental level; many children
are inadequately prepared for the impending divorce by their parents” (Eleoff,
2003). The initial child’s reaction to his or her parents’ decision to separate
is usually as follows: a sense of vulnerability while the family is
disintegrating, the feeling of grief at a loss of the integrated family, loss
of the parent who is non-custodial, a strong feeling of powerlessness.
В статье рассказывается о влиянии психологического состояния и настроя
на успешный результат при сдаче экзамена
Taking an
exam is a very difficult time for every person. It is a rather stressful event
that may cause a person a lot of emotional and physical strain, tension and
stress. Some people pass their exams rather easily, as though playing a game.
Other people cannot stand exams, as they always feel disappointed, embarrassed
and perplexed. This may happen due to various reasons. Sometimes a person is
not prepared for his or her examination and therefore feels unsure of
everything. But there are cases when our emotional and physical state plays an
important part in our success or failure.
The Myers-Briggs
Personality Assessment & The Rorschach
Apperception tests
Фрагмент статьи, посвящённой изучению личности с помощью
типологии Майерс-Бриггс и тестов Роршаха
Nowadays people started to speak a lot about
personality. It happens because almost everyone understands that knowing
yourself and knowing other people can help them in many spheres of our life.
Our personality is still a mystery but there have been a lot of scientists that
were interested in studying it, and have succeeded to some extent. And of
course the mystery of human personality could not have missed the attention of
psychologists – people who probably know about us a little bit more than other people.
They proved that our personality has a very strong impact on everything that
happens to us. There are a lot of people around us so our personality
influences our relations with other people. The way we feel about them, the way
we behave ourselves with them and the way we build our relations are defined by
various and unique features of our characters. That is why some people can
easily establish relations with anyone they want, and there are people who
cannot even ask a stranger the time. Our personality also influences the way we
try to cognize the world, the way we learn new things. Some people do it easily
and with great pleasure, but someone can hardly imagine himself or herself
learning something new at will, not under compulsion. We also choose
professions according to our personality. One person likes active job and
communication with many people; others prefer to stay at home and avoid any
possible contact. Sometimes people can hardly explain this or that inclination
but personality can act subconsciously. It also depends on our personality
whether we have a chance to be promoted or not, whether we can built good
relations with our partners and therefore make a strong team and bring a great
profit to the company we work at, or not…
'How does audience research approach the relationship
between children and television?'
Фрагмент статьи, посвящённой вопросу влияния СМИ на детей
The problem of the
influence of television on children is much more serious that we would like it
to be. A lot of researches have shown that the influence of television and
media in general is more of negative nature than of positive. The results of
the negative influence of TV programs on children are shortening of attention
span, distorted image of a human body, growing obesity, fear and anti-social
behavior. And these are just several bad consequences of television. It would
take eternity to enumerate them all. Unfortunately the degree of expansion of
these notions if very often unlimited and, what is more, uncontrollable.
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