В статье рассказывается о
культурном наследии средневековой Испании
What we know now about science was built up
thousands of years ago. People of various civilizations and cultures made their
great contribution to what is evident for us today, for the present generation.
Advancements in technology and science are really spectacular but they would
not have been achieved without the patient and slow pace of accumulation of
knowledge and learning. We owe this accumulation of knowledge to the epochs of
Ancient and Classical Greek civilizations, Roman Empire, India, China and Persia.
The knowledge of the people who lived in these countries passed to the Muslims
who lived in Western Asia. Many centuries later during the rare time of
religious tolerance in Western European Spain that heritage of science,
learning and knowledge was added to and cherished. Later it was brought into
modern times from antiquity.
В статье рассказывается о
традициях коренного населения Америки
For thousands of
years Native Americans inhabited the territory of New Mexico. It was many
centuries before Europeans at last reached the North and South America (Native
American Culture and Heritage). The reminders of their presence from ancient
times are found throughout the whole country: pit houses, whimsical cliff
dwellings and wonderful kivas (underground ceremonial chambers), abandoned
cities and towns along ancient trade routes, and various symbols etched in
rock. Nowadays, New Mexico is the home of 22 Indian tribes, among them 19
Indian pueblos and 3 reservations. Evidently, the nice starting point is the
Albuquerque area from which it is wise to explore magnificent Native American
heritage.
В статье рассказывается о жизни
и политической деятельности Авраама Линкольна
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th
President of the Unites States of America. He became the president in 1861 and
occupied this post until his assassination in 1865. During the four years of
his presidency he managed to do a lot. He led the country through very severe
economic crisis, through the disaster of the Civil War. He put an end to
slavery.
Before Abraham Lincoln became the President of
the USA, he was a lawyer, a state legislator and a member of the House of
Representatives. A lot of scientists, historians and biographers made a lot of
attempts to trace back in Lincoln’s biography and life the justifications of
his cleverness and historical significance. Thus, Thomas and Burlingame state
that ‘Without exception Lincoln’s forebears proved to be self-reliant, upright
men of moderate or even comfortable means, who earned the respect of their
neighbors’. He was a vehement opponent of slavery in the country. One of his greatest
deeds during the presidency was the defeat of the confederate states of the USA
in the Civil War. Under the measures he introduced slavery was abolished.
It may be
difficult to believe but football is several hundred years old. Many people
believe that England is the motherland of football. However, this fact is far
from being true. There were games that resemble football in Ancient East
(China, Egypt), Ancient Greece, Rome, and later in France, Italy and England.
The game with the ball was more or less popular in ancient Greece in the 4th
century BC. Greek people used legs and arms to play it. Later Romans adopted
this game; however their variant of football was crueler and tougher. Exactly
due to the Roman conquerors football became popular on the British Isles, the
territory of the modern United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The native
population of the Isles (the Britons) liked the game very much. They even
learned to play this game better than Romans. However, as Romans left the
British Isles in the 5th century, the game left with them. Still
football remained popular among the Europeans especially in Italy.
Статья
представляет собой описание капсулы времени
и её содержимого: лучших образцов
искусства и культуры 20 века
We, people
who live in the very beginning of the 21st century greet you, the
generation of the 22nd century. We sent this message to you in order
to show you our life, to share our values with you and to remind of some things
that were very important and valuable for us.
The 20th
century was filled with different events. Some of them were terrible, sanguinary
and disastrous. Other events were happy, glad and joyful. But all of them were
meaningful and crucial for life of future generations.
(with Prince Al-Walid bin Talal bin Abdulaziz as an example)
Статья
посвящена определению лидера
на примере личности принца Аль-Валида
ибн Талала
ибн Абделя Азиз ас-Сауда
Prince
Al-Walid bin Talal bin Abdulaziz was not known by many American people until
the month anniversary of the attacks that took place on the September 11, 2001.
In fact, he was not recognizable to many people outside the Middle East and
outside the most important international business circles. Although he was not
very famous he was already a successful leader who had many supporters,
followers and admirers. By that time he has already done a lot: he had become
the sixth richest man in the world and also invested a great part of his
fortune into American Corporations. Still until October, 11, 2001 he was
someone whom the Business Week called "the most important financial kingpin
that you've never heard of” (Business Week). He donated $10 million to the
victims of the act of terror. However the Mayor of New York Rudolph Giuliani
considered the Prince’s further statement so offensive for American people that
returned the donation at once. On the first sight this act was not very wise
from the Al-Walid bin Talal’s side, as he might have become rather unpopular.
В
статье рассказывается о истории создания тайного общества иллюминатов
"Man is
a god in the making. And as the mystic myths of
Egypt,on the potter's wheel,
he is being molded.
When his light shines out to lift and preserve all things,
he receives the triple crown of godhood." (Hall, 1996, p. 92)
Nowadays
there are a lot of speculations about the Illuminati society. The recent
history showed us no other secret society except masons that originated so many
rumors, guesswork, fantasies, legends and misinterpretations. People start to
believe that they are manipulated or even herded like sheep by some secret
society, elite of the world. In order to understand how the matrix of lies was
created it is necessary to view the history of the Western civilization.
The company Procter
and Gamble was founded in 1837 in Cincinnati (USA) by the Englishman William
Procter and the Irishman James Gamble (Procter and Gamble - history). First the
partners simply made candles and soap, distributing their production in
Cincinnati. The validity and the perspective approach to the business allowed
them to endure civil war, unprecedented financial, economic and political
storms in the USA in the middle of the 19th century. By the end of century it
was one of the most advanced American companies.
By 1890
Procter and Gamble was already selling their production all over the country.
They were selling more than 30 various types of soap, including well-known
Ivory. The growing demand allowed the company to construct a new factory in
Kansas City, and after a while they developed the activity outside the USA (the
factory in Ontario, Canada was the first outside affiliate). By the present
time Procter and Gamble has branches already more than in 50 countries of the
world.
In 1872 the
son of the Irish immigrant fell from a horse while working at his father’s
ranch near the city of Dearborn, Michigan. That day he decided to create a
vehicle that would be more reliable, than vehicles using the force of animals.
This unhappy horseman was Henry Ford, the man who invented one of the most
popular cars in the world (Bellis).
Henry Ford
was born in Springfield, Michigan on July, 30th, 1863 (Davis, 2003). He spent
his childhood at his parents’ farm where he helped his family and attended a
village school. When he was 12 years old Henry equipped a small workshop where he
spent all his free time. Right there several years later he designed his first
steam engine. In 1879 Henry Ford moved to Detroit where he became an assistant
to a machinist. In three years Ford moved to Dearborn and next five years he
was engaged in designing and repairing steam engines. In 1891 Ford became an
engineer of the Edison Illuminating Company, and in two years he was appointed
the chief engineer of the company. The decent salary and abundance of spare
time allowed Ford to pay more attention to working out the internal combustion
engines. Ford assembled the first internal combustion engine in his kitchen. Soon
he decided to put the engine on a frame with four bicycle wheels. So in 1896 quadrocycle
appeared - a vehicle which became the first Ford’s car.
Фрагмент статьи, посвящённой личности Альберта Эйнштейна и его трудам
Albert
Einstein is a man who made a lot in his life. His deeds and inventions changed
the world and gave many people the new vision of the universe. He is an
outstanding figure of the 20th century and there are not many people
who can compare with him in the significance and importance of the inventions
done during his life. He was a philosopher, a theoretical physicist, an author
of many works. He is widely regarded to be one of the most influential and
famous intellectuals and scientists of all times. He received the Nobel Prize
in Physics, as it was stated "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" (Nobelprize.org).
His
contributions to physics are numerous. Among them there are the general and
special theories of relativity, the first post-Newtonian expansion, development
of relativistic cosmology, elaborating of the theories on deflection of light
by gravity and gravitational lensing, the fluctuation dissipation theorem that
referred to the Brownian movements of molecules, the wave-particle duality, the
photon theory, the zero-point energy concept, the quantum theory of atomic
motion in solids, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and the semi classical
version of Schrödinger equation. Albert Einstein published about 450 scientific
and non-scientific works during his life and all of them are appreciated
nowadays.
Статья посвящена истории борьбы афро-американцев за свободу и независимость
The life of
the Afro-American population has always been hard. For two centuries they have
been oppressed, suffered hardships and privations. They constantly struggled
for their rights, independence and liberty. That struggle continued up to the
XX century. A great migration of approximately 5 million of Afro-Americans from
the South of the country to the North and West of the USA in the years 1910 –
1960 became a push to the civil rights movements. That happened because the
status of the Black population began to change rapidly: having no rights to
vote in the South, they got these rights in the North. The victory of the
Democrats in 1936 and the strong influence of the Roosevelt’s New Deal made
Afro-Americans switch from the Republicans. The March on Washington Movement in
1940 of several black civil rights groups made President Roosevelt set up a
Fair Employment Practices Committee that provided blacks with working places
during the WWII. And from that time Afro-Americans started to struggle for
their civil rights even more obstinately. The civil rights movement began in
1954 with the Montgomery bus boycott when a woman refused to surrender her seat
to a white passenger. This boycott lasted for a year. In 1956 the Supreme Court
passed a decision that it was a manifestation of race discrimination and
therefore it was considered an unconstitutional action. Years before there were
some conflicts about the problem of school admittance, as black population was
deprived of this privilege. In 1957 the president of Arkansas NAACP provided
the legal strategy that allowed nine black students to enter a school.
The first president
of the USA was George Washington (1732-1799). Besides he was the
commander-in-chief of the Continental army of colonists in the War for the
Independence (1775-1783). He supported preservation of neutrality by the United
States concerning rivalry between the European powers.
In 1774-1775 George
Washington was one of the representatives of Virginia in the Continental
congress. In June 1775 he was unanimously selected the commander-in-chief of
the Continental army. He headed the Army throughout the whole War for the
Independence.
Washington’s popularity
and indisputable authority caused his election on the post of the president of
the country. He became the president on April, 30th, 1789.
Washington did not participate in pre-election struggle, and waited in Mount
Vernon. The members of the elective board chosen in states in the beginning of
January, 1789, voted unanimously for Washington as president. The second place
by quantity of voices was occupied by John Adams who became the vice-president.
Gottfried
Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) is an outstanding German philosopher and a mathematician.
He was born: July, 1, 1646 in Leipzig. His father, the professor of moral
philosophy of the University of Leipzig, died when his son was six years old. Leibniz
entered the University of Leipzig at the age of 15. He graduated in 1663,
having defended a thesis on the bachelor’s degree "On the Principle of the
Individual” (Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui). In 1663-1666 he studied
jurisprudence in Yen and published the work concerning the juridical education.
He was noticed there by baron von Boineburg and the archbishop of Mainz. The
archbishop was occupied with maintenance of peace within the boundaries of
Sacred Roman Empire, and also between Germany and its neighbors. Leibniz
plunged into archbishop’s plans. He also searched for the rational foundation
of Christian religion equally comprehensible to Protestants and Catholics.
Фрагмент статьи посвящён истории развития капитализма
Capitalism emerged in the Western Europe at the turn of the XV – XVI
centuries. From now on the advanced West European societies became the
capitalist societies. In the course of this development the West European
system started to become industrial and simultaneously capitalist.
Capitalism resulted from the natural development of the previous
society. It appeared only in one place of the world - in the Western Europe.
This is the primary, initial capitalism. In all other areas of the Earth
capitalism resulted from the influence of the West European society. Everywhere
outside the Western Europe capitalism is secondary, derivative.
Relationship between the English colonies in the
Americas from 1660 to 1783
Фрагмент статьи посвящён истории развития
английских колоний в Северной и Южной Америке
Economic
and social development of English colonies in the North America began with the
stage already reached by the mother country. However, throughout the whole
century the English authorities made efforts imposing in America large feudal
land property. English kings distributed the extensive lands to the confidants,
even the whole colonies.
John Paul Stevens is the oldest member of the Supreme
Court of the USA at the moment. He has a position of an Associate Justice.
Stevens has been serving at the US Supreme Court for nearly thirty five years.
He occupied his position during the presidency of seven American presidents
after having been offered the position by Gerald Ford in December 1975.
Recently eighty nine year old John Paul Stevens sent his resignation to the
American President Barack Obama.
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