В статье рассказывается о
культурном наследии средневековой Испании
What we know now about science was built up
thousands of years ago. People of various civilizations and cultures made their
great contribution to what is evident for us today, for the present generation.
Advancements in technology and science are really spectacular but they would
not have been achieved without the patient and slow pace of accumulation of
knowledge and learning. We owe this accumulation of knowledge to the epochs of
Ancient and Classical Greek civilizations, Roman Empire, India, China and Persia.
The knowledge of the people who lived in these countries passed to the Muslims
who lived in Western Asia. Many centuries later during the rare time of
religious tolerance in Western European Spain that heritage of science,
learning and knowledge was added to and cherished. Later it was brought into
modern times from antiquity.
В
статье рассказывается о феминистическом направлении
в творчестве балерины Марты
Грэм
There is no
person in the world who is involved in dancing and knows nothing of Martha
Graham. Everyone has at least heard about her.
Martha
Graham is a woman who changed the whole concept of modern dance in many ways.
Graham pioneered many concepts into modern dance which are still used, widely developed
and discussed today.
Martha
Graham was born in Philadelphia in 1894. She studied dance and theater at the
University of Cumnoch. At the time The Denishawn School created by Ruth St.
Denis and Ted Shawn was the premier dance school in America. Ruth St. Denis,
Isadora Duncan and were the pioneers of modern dance, which began to develop on
both the East and West Coasts. The truth is that the new genre rejected the
existing classical ballet as elitist. The Denishawn School forced the changes
in the dance movement and gave it a new direction: the dance styles of many
various cultures were incorporated.
В статье рассказывается о
традициях коренного населения Америки
For thousands of
years Native Americans inhabited the territory of New Mexico. It was many
centuries before Europeans at last reached the North and South America (Native
American Culture and Heritage). The reminders of their presence from ancient
times are found throughout the whole country: pit houses, whimsical cliff
dwellings and wonderful kivas (underground ceremonial chambers), abandoned
cities and towns along ancient trade routes, and various symbols etched in
rock. Nowadays, New Mexico is the home of 22 Indian tribes, among them 19
Indian pueblos and 3 reservations. Evidently, the nice starting point is the
Albuquerque area from which it is wise to explore magnificent Native American
heritage.
Статья посвящена истории
развития музыки сока и калипсо
Calypso and soca music are widely spread in the
basin of the Caribbean. There are two major cultures in this area: East Indian and
Creole. One of the most important elements of Creole music is the African one.
And in its turn one of the most important elements that characterize this trend
is calypso and soca music in which drums play one of the most important part. Calypso
music appeared on the islands in 1900s. It was a way to satirize politics and
society via music. It originated during slavery when Africans who were
forbidden to communicate with each other performed their music. It was the
Golden Age of Calypso music. The first recordings began in 1914. The first
major performers of Calypso music became known in the 1930s. The first stars of
calypso music were Lord Kitchener and Mighty Sparrow. The most well-known song
in the style of calypso music "Banana Boat Song," was written in 1956
by Harry Belafonte. In fact, it was the first record of calypso music to sell
more than a million copies.
В статье рассказывается о жизни
и политической деятельности Авраама Линкольна
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th
President of the Unites States of America. He became the president in 1861 and
occupied this post until his assassination in 1865. During the four years of
his presidency he managed to do a lot. He led the country through very severe
economic crisis, through the disaster of the Civil War. He put an end to
slavery.
Before Abraham Lincoln became the President of
the USA, he was a lawyer, a state legislator and a member of the House of
Representatives. A lot of scientists, historians and biographers made a lot of
attempts to trace back in Lincoln’s biography and life the justifications of
his cleverness and historical significance. Thus, Thomas and Burlingame state
that ‘Without exception Lincoln’s forebears proved to be self-reliant, upright
men of moderate or even comfortable means, who earned the respect of their
neighbors’. He was a vehement opponent of slavery in the country. One of his greatest
deeds during the presidency was the defeat of the confederate states of the USA
in the Civil War. Under the measures he introduced slavery was abolished.
Today, the
problem of the relationship between gay families and local communities grows
more and more serious because communities often oppose to gay families, whereas
many communities insist on the legal ban of gay families and marriage.
Nevertheless, formally or informally, gay families exist, although they have
certain limitations, especially in regard to the possibility of adoption
children. In such a situation, it is important to study the impact of the
community on gay families and the current situation related to the problem of
relationships between gay families and communities.
Статья посвящена проблеме ожирения в современном обществе
According to
the U. S. obesity trends of the period 1985 – 2009, "obesity is defined as a
body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater” (Overweight and obesity). The situation
with obesity especially among children – American young generation – is really
terrible. Statistic tells that the "health crisis affecting every state, every
city, every community, and every school” across American nation (Richard H.
Carmona). Nowadays obesity is one of the fastest growing factors that cause
disease and death in the USA. American people and their children already start
seeing the consequences of unhealthy eating habits and of a lack of physical
activity.
Статья
посвящена явлению возрастной дискриминации в обществе
и проблемам со здоровьем,
которые могут быть вызваны этой дискриминацией
All
societies use gender and age to classify their members. American people have
developed "a set of prejudices and discriminations against our elders that may
be unequaled by any other society” (Palmore 1999 p. 4). The modern society has
acquired a negative attitude towards older individuals. This negative attitude towards
older generation is reflected in such spheres of modern life as media, language
and humor. For instance, such a phrase as "don’t be an old fuddy-duddy” denotes
that old people are treated as physically defective and "incompetent” (Woolf
1998). Or, for example, the whole industry of the greeting cards business is
"built around "over the hill” theme” (Nelson 2002 p. ix). The message of those
cards portrayed as humorous is rather simple. The essence of it is an intention
and undesirability to get older. Older people are usually given unflattering
characteristics. They are considered to be of little value, even a burden of
society; they are slow to accept changes and are often politically
conservative. Besides, the majority of older people are interpersonally and
economically dependent. And in addition to these features of older generation,
many people consider them to be "slow, deaf or stupid, non-sexual and alienated”
(SOA Watch 2010). Both men and women can feel prejudiced attitude, but women
usually suffer it to a greater extent more than men (Lukas 2010). This negative
attitude towards older people is called ageism. That is "a form of
discrimination which is based on someone's chronological age” (Smith 2010).
Ageism may concern a representative of any age group. However, it mainly refers
to older people.
It may be
difficult to believe but football is several hundred years old. Many people
believe that England is the motherland of football. However, this fact is far
from being true. There were games that resemble football in Ancient East
(China, Egypt), Ancient Greece, Rome, and later in France, Italy and England.
The game with the ball was more or less popular in ancient Greece in the 4th
century BC. Greek people used legs and arms to play it. Later Romans adopted
this game; however their variant of football was crueler and tougher. Exactly
due to the Roman conquerors football became popular on the British Isles, the
territory of the modern United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. The native
population of the Isles (the Britons) liked the game very much. They even
learned to play this game better than Romans. However, as Romans left the
British Isles in the 5th century, the game left with them. Still
football remained popular among the Europeans especially in Italy.
Статья
представляет собой описание капсулы времени
и её содержимого: лучших образцов
искусства и культуры 20 века
We, people
who live in the very beginning of the 21st century greet you, the
generation of the 22nd century. We sent this message to you in order
to show you our life, to share our values with you and to remind of some things
that were very important and valuable for us.
The 20th
century was filled with different events. Some of them were terrible, sanguinary
and disastrous. Other events were happy, glad and joyful. But all of them were
meaningful and crucial for life of future generations.
(with Prince Al-Walid bin Talal bin Abdulaziz as an example)
Статья
посвящена определению лидера
на примере личности принца Аль-Валида
ибн Талала
ибн Абделя Азиз ас-Сауда
Prince
Al-Walid bin Talal bin Abdulaziz was not known by many American people until
the month anniversary of the attacks that took place on the September 11, 2001.
In fact, he was not recognizable to many people outside the Middle East and
outside the most important international business circles. Although he was not
very famous he was already a successful leader who had many supporters,
followers and admirers. By that time he has already done a lot: he had become
the sixth richest man in the world and also invested a great part of his
fortune into American Corporations. Still until October, 11, 2001 he was
someone whom the Business Week called "the most important financial kingpin
that you've never heard of” (Business Week). He donated $10 million to the
victims of the act of terror. However the Mayor of New York Rudolph Giuliani
considered the Prince’s further statement so offensive for American people that
returned the donation at once. On the first sight this act was not very wise
from the Al-Walid bin Talal’s side, as he might have become rather unpopular.
В
статье рассказывается о истории создания тайного общества иллюминатов
"Man is
a god in the making. And as the mystic myths of
Egypt,on the potter's wheel,
he is being molded.
When his light shines out to lift and preserve all things,
he receives the triple crown of godhood." (Hall, 1996, p. 92)
Nowadays
there are a lot of speculations about the Illuminati society. The recent
history showed us no other secret society except masons that originated so many
rumors, guesswork, fantasies, legends and misinterpretations. People start to
believe that they are manipulated or even herded like sheep by some secret
society, elite of the world. In order to understand how the matrix of lies was
created it is necessary to view the history of the Western civilization.
Фрагмент статьи, посвящённой личности Альберта Эйнштейна и его трудам
Albert
Einstein is a man who made a lot in his life. His deeds and inventions changed
the world and gave many people the new vision of the universe. He is an
outstanding figure of the 20th century and there are not many people
who can compare with him in the significance and importance of the inventions
done during his life. He was a philosopher, a theoretical physicist, an author
of many works. He is widely regarded to be one of the most influential and
famous intellectuals and scientists of all times. He received the Nobel Prize
in Physics, as it was stated "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect" (Nobelprize.org).
His
contributions to physics are numerous. Among them there are the general and
special theories of relativity, the first post-Newtonian expansion, development
of relativistic cosmology, elaborating of the theories on deflection of light
by gravity and gravitational lensing, the fluctuation dissipation theorem that
referred to the Brownian movements of molecules, the wave-particle duality, the
photon theory, the zero-point energy concept, the quantum theory of atomic
motion in solids, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and the semi classical
version of Schrödinger equation. Albert Einstein published about 450 scientific
and non-scientific works during his life and all of them are appreciated
nowadays.
The first president
of the USA was George Washington (1732-1799). Besides he was the
commander-in-chief of the Continental army of colonists in the War for the
Independence (1775-1783). He supported preservation of neutrality by the United
States concerning rivalry between the European powers.
In 1774-1775 George
Washington was one of the representatives of Virginia in the Continental
congress. In June 1775 he was unanimously selected the commander-in-chief of
the Continental army. He headed the Army throughout the whole War for the
Independence.
Washington’s popularity
and indisputable authority caused his election on the post of the president of
the country. He became the president on April, 30th, 1789.
Washington did not participate in pre-election struggle, and waited in Mount
Vernon. The members of the elective board chosen in states in the beginning of
January, 1789, voted unanimously for Washington as president. The second place
by quantity of voices was occupied by John Adams who became the vice-president.
One of the most popular and famous genres of music is
salsa. It comes from Puerto Rico. Salsa got a very strong influence of
vibrating and energetic black music from the African continent. Salsa resembles
mambo to a certain extent. It actually originated from mambo having become the
independent musical genre. Nowadays the name of the genre denotes a rhythm, but
originally it was a genre derived from Cuban rhythms such as Chachacha, Son and
Mambo. The present salsa corresponds to a music style. This modern genre plays
Cuban rhythms, such a Son, Guaracha, Son Montuno and Guaguanco. In this respect
Johnny Pacheco – a man who is considered to have shown salsa to New York –
claims that salsa has always had Cuban origin and has always been its native
music.
Rumba is
one the music genres that originated in Cuba. The Latin America gave life to
many popular musical genres and rumba is probably one of the most famous ones among
them. The term originated from the Spanish word that means "party”. This term
describes the energetic and lively rhythms that are adored by many people, not
only Latin. It became the mixture of the musical motives of African people who
came to the Caribbean region and the Spanish inhabitants of the Latin America.
There are several types of rumba: Cuban rumba (a musical style that resulted in
both music and dance), the Rumba dance proper, Flamenco Rumba (it is also known
as the music of gypsies, or Rumba Gitana) and African rumba (the rumba that
became the source for the Latin rumba; it originates from Congo). Rumba has
always been a folk music and later a folk dance.
Gottfried
Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) is an outstanding German philosopher and a mathematician.
He was born: July, 1, 1646 in Leipzig. His father, the professor of moral
philosophy of the University of Leipzig, died when his son was six years old. Leibniz
entered the University of Leipzig at the age of 15. He graduated in 1663,
having defended a thesis on the bachelor’s degree "On the Principle of the
Individual” (Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui). In 1663-1666 he studied
jurisprudence in Yen and published the work concerning the juridical education.
He was noticed there by baron von Boineburg and the archbishop of Mainz. The
archbishop was occupied with maintenance of peace within the boundaries of
Sacred Roman Empire, and also between Germany and its neighbors. Leibniz
plunged into archbishop’s plans. He also searched for the rational foundation
of Christian religion equally comprehensible to Protestants and Catholics.
Michelangelo
Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci are two prominent masters of the 16th
century that worked at the same epoch of the Renaissance. It is difficult to
imagine that these artists were born at the same time and in the same city of
Florence. But many biographers, historians and admirers of their works noticed
that Michelangelo and Leonardo were competitors and even enemies.
Michelangelo
Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci were two great men of art. Both of them were
innovators of art. They used very bright and vivid images that will never be
forgotten and will always be used by artists many centuries after. Both of them
are distinguished from other artists by unconventional and unusual ways of
transferring their ideas on canvas, stone or other material. Their works are
praised during many centuries because of the vivid and bright colors, volume
and depth in their works.
John Paul Stevens is the oldest member of the Supreme
Court of the USA at the moment. He has a position of an Associate Justice.
Stevens has been serving at the US Supreme Court for nearly thirty five years.
He occupied his position during the presidency of seven American presidents
after having been offered the position by Gerald Ford in December 1975.
Recently eighty nine year old John Paul Stevens sent his resignation to the
American President Barack Obama.
Главная 
